Nutraceuticals Potential of Petroselinum Crispum: A Review- Juniper Publishers
Juniper Publishers- Journal of complementary medicine
Petroselinum crispum is a green biennial hedge
plant which belongs to Apiaceae family indigenous to Europe and Western
Asia. Flavonoids like apigenin, chrysoeriol and quercetin are chief
components in Petroselinum crispum plant that decrease the
oxidative damage associated with cancer, aging, atherosclerosis,
ischemic damage, soreness, and neurodegenerative diseases. Leaves, seeds
and roots of Petroselinum crispum are used as hepatoprotective,
brain protective, anti-diabetic, analgesic, spasmolytic,
immunosuppressant, anti-anemic, menorrhagia, anti-coagulant,
anti-hyperlipidemic and many more diseases. This paper put a light on
bioactive and nutraceuticals properties of Petroselinum crispum.
Keywords: Petroselinum crispum; Anti-oxidant; Bioactive compounds; NutraceuticalsIntroduction
Petroselinum crispum (Parsley) is an herbal plant which belongs to Apiaceae family indigenous to Europe and western Asia. Petroselinum crispum is having therapeutic potential as well as used for additives, garnishing, condiment, flavoring agents and perfume. Petroselinum crispum
is also used in cosmetics industries mainly China, Mexico, South
America, India and South-East Asia. In India it got cultivated in Jammu
and Kashmir, Punjab, Uttrakhand,
Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka states. Petroselinum crispum leaves look like coriander leaves but the taste and aroma hold opposing views. Petroselinum crispum
contains small, dark seeds which content volatile oil [1]. In Britain,
they prefer the curly leaves forms for culinary purposes and on the
continent plain leaves varieties are preferred for garnishes and
flavoring [2] (Figure 1) (Table 1).
Petroselinum crispum fresh and dry leaves are rich source of
phytochemical and anti-oxidant as well as its essential oils also
holds important place. Many studies showed that it contains
flavnoids, carotenoids, luteolin, apigenin, ascorbic acid, to cophenol
and apiol are the main essential compounds. Fresh leaves helps in
reducing oxidative stress in humans. It grows biennial, in the first
year; it forms a rosette of tripinnate leaves 10-25cm leaflets and
taproot used as a food store over winter. In second year it grows
a flowering stem to 75cm tall with sparser leaves and flat topped
3-10cm diameter umbels with number of yellowish green flowers.
Petroselinum crispum seeds are ovoid 2-3mm long with prominent
style remnants at the apex. The plant dries after the maturation of
seeds. Petroselinum crispum root is common food in eastern and
Europeans cuisines used mainly in snacks as soups, stews and
casseroles.
Bioactive Components
Petroselinum crispum contains many antioxidant properties,
luteolin [3], flavonoid, coumarins, tocopherol, myristicin [4],
essentials oils and phenolic compounds [5]. Carotenoids,
vitamin-A, B and C [6,7]; minerals like iron, zinc calcium,
phosphorous are also present in Petroselinum crispum leaves [8,9].
Furanocoumarins such as psoralen, bergapten, isoimperatorin,
oxypeucedanin, xanthoxin, trioxalen and angelicin are key
substances of Petroselinum crispum. Flavonoids like apigenin,
chrysoeriol and quercetin are chief components in Petroselinum
crispum plant that decrease the oxidative damage associated to
cancer, aging, atherosclerosis, ischemic damage, soreness and
neurodegenerative diseases [1,10]. Petroselinum crispum leaves
also contain n-3 omega fatty acids like linolenic and palmitic acid
[11-13].
Therapeutic Potential
Traditionally Petroselinum crispum is used for menstrual
disorder, emmenagogue, galactagogue [14] intestinal cramps,
diarrhea and in opposition to head lice [15] and anti-cancer activity
[16]. Due to the presence of bioactive compounds, Petroselinum
crispum shows different pharmacological activities such
hepatoprotective, brain protective, anti-diabetic analgesic and
spasmolytic [17]. As well as beneficial for immunosuppressant,
anti-anemic, menorrhagic, anti-coagulant, anti-hyperlipidemic,
anti-hypertensive effects anti-platelet, anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic
and anti-tumor [10,18]. Allergy similar to asthma [19],
gastro protective, cytoprotective, laxative, estrogenic, diuretic,
chronic bronchitis, dyspepsia and hypotensive [20,21] Alzheimer’s
disease, thrombosis and strokes [22] are also alleviated by
Petroselinum crispum. The flavnoid myristicin contained in the
plant has the properties to increase the production of estrogen
which make their use relevant in menopause. Different parts of
Petroselinum crispum plant are also used in curing diseases such
as the roots are used in flatulence, cystitis. Leaves and stems
are remedy for menstrual problems, cystitis, edema, kidney
stones, prostatitis, cramps, indigestion, anorexia, arthritis and
rheumatism [23]. Its leaf, seed and root are being used in eczema,
controlling high blood pressure, strengthen the bladder, nose
bleeding, hematoma, skin blemishes, ear ache, otitis, emenagogue
favoring menstruation and alleviating its pains. Petroselinum
crispum is also widely used as a galactofuge by lactating mothers
to stop excessive milk production [24]. Petroselinum crispum
root is taken as a treatment for flatulence, cystitis, and rheumatic
conditions.
Anti- neurotoxicity
Petroselinum crispum has a protective effect against cadmium
neurotoxicity and teratogenicity in albino mice. Petroselinum
crispum seeds and leaves juice supplementation improves the
behavior of prenatally cadmium intoxicated mice newborns and
reduces neuronal aberrations in the brain caused by oxidative
stress [20,25,26].
Anti-oxidant activity
Adding Petroselinum crispum leaves to the diet of 14 people
for one week caused significant increase in antioxidant enzymes
compared with their levels in the basic diet received group.
Apigenin was demonstrated to be the main compound responsible
for this activity Petroselinum crispum [27,28]. Different extracts
from Petroselinum crispum leaves and stems exhibited antioxidant
properties in various in vitro models [29-32]. Essential oil from
seed showed in vitro antioxidant activity. Apiol and myristicin are
two components responsible for its antioxidant activity [13].
Analgesic and spasmolytic activity
Petroselinum crispum seed hydroalcoholic extract revealed
analgesic activity in mice [33]. It also reduced KCl- and CaCl2-
induced contractions on rat isolated ileum dose dependently
via blocking voltage-gated calcium channels [34]. Different
extracts from aerial parts demonstrated antispasmodic activity
on spontaneous and acetylcholine- induced contractions of rat
isolated ileum [34].
Immunomodulating activity
Essential oil from Petroselinum crispum seed suppressed
humoral and cellular immune response via inhibiting splenocytes
and macrophages function [35].
Gastrointestinal activity
Ethanol extract from Petroselinum crispum leaves executed
beneficial effects on different models of peptic ulcer in rats via its
anti-secretory and cytoprotective activity [36]. Aqeoues extract
from Petroselinum hortence seeds demonstrated laxative activity
in rat by significant absorption of sodium and water and also
enhancing Na- KCl2 transporter activity in the colon [37].
Genitourinary system
Methanol extract from Petroselinum crispum
aerial part
showed proliferative activity in estrogen-sensitive breast cancer
cell line (MCF-7) equal to isoflavone glycosides from soybean.
This estrogenic activity was related to flavone glycosides;
6”-acetylapiin and also aglicones; apigenin, diosmetin, and
kaempferol. Furthermore, oral administration of the extract
regenerated the uterus weight in ovariectomized mice and apiin
and apigenin were responsible for this activity [38]. Seudomonas crispum
oil demonstrated significant protective activity against
zearalenone -induced reproductive toxicity and significantly
improved testosterone level, sperm count, sperm motility and
inhibited germ cells chromosomal aberrations [39]. Aqeoues
extract of Pseudomonas hortense seeds exhibited diuretic effect
and inhibited Na+-K+ ATPase activity in kidney cortex and medulla
[40].
Cardiovascular activity
Petroselinum crispum leaves decreased mean blood pressure
which recorded from the carotid artery in anaesthetized rats.
This effect was attenuated with muscarinic receptor antagonist.
It also decreased rate and amplitude of contraction on isolated
rat atria which weakened by muscarinic antagonist. These data
indicate hypotensive and negative inotropic and chronotropic
activity of Petroselinum crispum [41]. Petroselinum crispum leaves
demonstrated strong antiplatelet aggregation effect. Aglycone
flavonoids; keampferol, apigenin and cosmosiin are responsible
compounds for this activity. However, it did not exert inhibition on
clotting activity in vitro [42-44]
Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity
Petroselinum crispum leaves and stems possess antibacterial
activity on Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli [32]. Hot and cold
water extract from Petroselinum crispum leaves demonstrated
antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pyogenes isolated from
patient with burn infection. 7 Ethanol extract of Pseudomonas
crispum leaves inhibited the growth of Lactobacillus plantarum
and Leuconostoc mesenteroides [45]. The furocoumarins
isolated extract from Petroselinum crispum leaves demonstrated
inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes,
Erwinia carotovora and Listeria innocua and no inhibition
against Pseudomonas fragi. Psoralen, 8-methoxypsoralen,
5-methoxypsoralen, oxypeucedanin and isopimpinellin were
among the responsible antimicrobial furocoumarins [32]. Essential
oil from aerial part of Petroselinum crispum had no antibacterial
activity against Listeria innocua, Serratia marcescens and
Pseudomonas fluorescens [46]. methanol extract of parsley leaves
demonstrated antimicrobial activity Bacillus subtilis, Petroselinum
aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus
and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in vitro. Coumarins are responsible
components for this property [47].
Haematology activity
Results indicates that the leaf ethanol extract of Petroselinum
crispum was hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic at continued oral doses
equal to or more than 1000mg/kg, but no obvious toxicity when
used at lowers doses. Therefore, there should be caution in its
administration to avoid overdosing [24].
Traditional uses and ethnobotanical reports of Petroselinum crispum in different countries
Iran- Seeds and leaf: Iran- Seeds and leaf are used
for- Antimicrobial, antiseptic, antispasmodic and sedative,
gastrointestinal disorder and carminative, digestive, astringent,
gastrotonic, inflammation, antidote, halitosis, kidney stone and
amenorrhoea. Food flavor, exanthema, alphosis, macula, headcool,
sniffle, otitis, antitussive, diuretic, kidney stone, hemorrhoid,
gastrointestinal disorder, vision performance and dermatitis [48-
53].
Iraq- leaf: Iraq- leaf is used for- curing skin disease [54].
Turkey- Leaf and Seeds: These are used for- Anticoagulant,
hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hepatotoxic, diabetes and diuretic
[55-57].
Morocco- leaf: It is used for Arterial hypertension, diabetes,
cardiac disease, renal disease, lumbago, high blood pressure,
eczema, nose bleed, amenorrhoea, dysmenorrheal and kidney
stones [53-57].
Spain- Leaf: It is used for Prostatitis, diabetes, halitosis,
anemia, hypertension, hyperuricaemia, constipation, odontalgy,
pain and baldness [17, 58,59].
Peru- Seed: It is used for Carminative and gastritis [60,61].
Serbia- Leaf: Serbia- Leaf is used for Urinary tract disease,
fluid retention and urinary tract infections [62,63].
Contraindications and safe doses of petroselinum Contraindications and safe doses of petroselinum
Harmless and free of toxicity plants and foods are very less
available in our time but few herbs are here to cure physical
condition and it’s proven by different experiments and intervention
method and safe does are recommended. The drawbacks of using
these solvents are representing their toxicity and therefore
cannot be added to foods. Thus, the use of non-toxic solvents and
solvent mixtures such as vegetable oils or micro emulsions could
be beneficial to soluble the plant extracts and also for adding to
foods. Petroselinum crispum safe doses are recommended as 2gm/
kg bw/day [64-66].
Conclusion
Petroselinum crispum has been used as an herbal medication
since historic period. There is a need for sustain hard work that
spotlight on pre-clinical studies with Petroselinum crispum linking
animal and human models on different diseases. This may then be
as a result validated in clinical trials that will help in developing
Petroselinum crispum as a promising therapeutic agent. Therefore,
Petroselinum crispum and its parts could be safe and provide
bioactive benefits.
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